Metaboloma use in ophthalmology / Uso de metaboloma em oftalmologia: uma revisão narrativa

ABSTRACT It is part of the omic sciences to search for an understanding of how the cellular system of organisms works as well as studying their biological changes. As part of the omic sciences, we can highlight the genomics whose function is the study of genes, the transcriptomics that studies the changes in the transcripts, the proteomics responsible for understanding the changes that occur in proteins, and the metabolomics that studies all the metabolic changes that occur in a certain system when it is submitted to different types of stimuli. Metabolomics is the science that studies the endogenous and exogenous metabolites in biological systems, which aims to provide comparative quantitative or semi-quantitative information about all metabolites in the system. This review aims to describe the main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmolog. We searched the literature on main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmology, using the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, with the keywords "metabolomics" and "ophthalmology", from January 1, 2009, to April 5, 2021. We retrieved 216 references, of which 58 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. The study of the metabolome allows a better understanding of the metabolism of ocular tissues. The results are important to aid diagnosis and as predictors of the progression of many eye and systemic diseases.

RESUMO Faz parte das ciências ômicas buscar entender como funciona o sistema celular dos organismos e estudar suas alterações biológicas. Como parte das ciências ômicas, destacam-se a genômica, cuja função é o estudo dos genes; a transcriptômica, que estuda as mudanças nos transcritos; a proteômica, responsável por entender as mudanças que ocorrem nas proteínas, e a metabolômica, que estuda todo o metabolismo das alterações que ocorrem em um determinado sistema quando ele é submetido a diferentes tipos de estímulos. A metabolômica é a ciência que estuda os metabólitos endógenos e exógenos em sistemas biológicos, visando fornecer informações comparativas quantitativas ou semiquantitativas sobre todos os metabólitos do sistema. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica na oftalmologia. Trata-se de revisão narrativa desenvolvida por um grupo de pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, em São Paulo (SP). Buscaram-se, na literatura, as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica em oftalmologia, utilizando as bases de dados Medline® e Lilacs, com as palavras-chave "metabolomics" e "oftalmologia", de 1º de janeiro de 2009 a 5 de abril de 2021. Foram recuperadas 216 referências, das quais 58 foram consideradas elegíveis para revisão intensiva e análise crítica. O estudo do metaboloma permite um melhor entendimento do metabolismo dos tecidos oculares. Os resultados são importantes para auxiliar no diagnóstico e como preditores da progressão de muitas doenças oculares e sistêmicas.

Influence of altered maternal lipid profile on the lipid profile of the newborn

Objective To evaluate whether there is an association between altered maternal lipid profile and the lipid profile of the newborn in a maternity hospital. Subjects and method Cross-sectional study with 435 parturients and their respective newborns. Blood samples from the newborns were collected during delivery by venipuncture of the umbilical cord close to the placenta. Blood samples from the parturients were collected in the pre-delivery room or right after delivery. The concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-c were determined by an enzymatic colorimetric method and LDL-c was calculated by the Friedewald formula. Results There was no significant difference in mean concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triglycerides in neonates according to altered or non-altered maternal total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triglycerides. Conclusions Change in maternal lipid profile is not significantly associated with the mean concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triglycerides in newborns. .

O efeito da biodiversidade nativa da Mata Atlântica sobre o metabolismo de amadurecimento da banana (Musa acuminata AAA, Cavendish, cv. Nanicão) / he effect of the Atlantic Coastal Forest´s native biodiversity on the metabolism of banana ripening (Musa acuminata AAA, Cavendish, cv. Nanicão).

A produção de banana no Vale do Ribeira, em São Paulo, está inserida numa região que abriga um fragmento remanescente da Mata Atlântica, considerada um dos principais repositórios de biodiversidade e a floresta mais devastada entre os biomas brasileiros. Medidas sustentáveis, como a adoção de práticas agrícolas alternativas, tem sido o caminho para a conservação da fauna e flora, como também para a redução do uso inapropriado de terras que consequentemente pode aumentar o índice de doenças que atacam as plantas. Apesar, do razoável conhecimento científico sobre a fisiologia pós-colheita da banana, ainda não foram elucidadas quais são as respostas fisiológicas do fruto diante das alterações do meio ambiente decorrentes das práticas agroecológicas. Principalmente quais são os mecanismos de ação de compostos específicos, relacionados com a resistência da planta contra os estresses bióticos e abióticos. Também, não há uma abordagem analítica integrada que identifique os reguladores das vias metabólicas e possibilite um estudo holístico a nível molecular. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da proximidade da biodiversidade nativa da Mata Atlântica sobre o perfil de metabólitos da banana (Musa acuminata AAA, Cavendish, cv. Nanicão). Foram comparados os frutos da parcela Biodiversidade, o qual apresenta 60% de seu perímetro limítrofe à floresta com a parcela Controle, inserida em uma área de produção de banana convencional. Neste estudo, foram determinados os perfis de etileno, vida verde, amido, açúcares, textura, cor, metabólitos semi-voláteis e não-voláteis e poliaminas. Como resultado, ambas as parcelas avaliadas apresentaram diferenças significativas no metabolismo primário e secundário, nos frutos verdes e maduros, respectivamente. Os metabólitos com diferença significativa entre as parcelas experimentais apresentaram maior envolvimento no metabolismo primário, sobretudo na via de biossíntese de aminoácidos, compostos precursores de uma ampla faixa de metabólitos secundários. As alterações quanto à abundância destes compostos são uma referência de que as mudanças do meio modificam as respostas da planta a estresses e estímulos

Banana production in the Ribeira Valley, in São Paulo, is set in a region that embraces a remaining fragment of the Atlantic Coastal Forest (Mata Atlântica), considered one of the main biodiversity repositories and the most devastated forest among the Brazilians´ biomes. Sustainable measures such as the adoption of alternative farming practices has been the way for the conservation of fauna and flora, but also to reduce the inappropriate use of land which in turn may increase the disease index that attack plants. Although, reasonable scientific knowledge about banana postharvest physiology is available, the fruit´s physiologic response given the environment changes as a result agroecological practices has not been elucidated yet. Primarily what are the mechanisms of action of specific compounds, related to plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, there is not an integrated analytical approach to identify regulators of metabolic pathways and enable a holistic study at the molecular level. In this study, we evaluated the effect of proximity to the native biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest on the banana metabolites profile (Musa acuminata AAA, Cavendish, cv. Nanicão). The fruits of Biodiversity group were compared, which has 60% of its perimeter adjacent to the forest with the Control group set in a conventional banana production area. In this study, we determined the ethylene profiles, green life, starch, sugars, texture, colour, semi- volatile and non- volatile metabolites and polyamines. As a result, both evaluated groups showed significant differences in primary and secondary metabolism, green and ripen fruits respectively. The metabolites with significant differences between treatments showed greater involvement in primary metabolism, especially in amino acid biosynthesis, precursors of secondary metabolites. Changes in the abundance of these compounds are indicators that alterations in the environment modify the plant responses to stresses and stimuli

In vitro antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging evaluation of active metabolite constituents of Newbouldia laevis ethanolic leaf extract

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity of bioactive metabolites present in Newbouldia laevis leaf extract. RESULTS: Chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods were used in the study and modified where necessary in the study. Bioactivity of the extract was determined at 10 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml concentrations expressed in % inhibition. The yield of the ethanolic leaf extract of N.laevis was 30.3 g (9.93%). Evaluation of bioactive metabolic constituents gave high levels of ascorbic acid (515.53 ± 12 IU/100 g [25.7 mg/100 g]), vitamin E (26.46 ± 1.08 IU/100 g), saponins (6.2 ± 0.10), alkaloids (2.20 ± 0.03), cardiac glycosides(1.48 ± 0.22), amino acids and steroids (8.01 ± 0.04) measured in mg/100 g dry weight; moderate levels of vitamin A (188.28 ± 6.19 IU/100 g), tannins (0.09 ± 0.30), terpenoids (3.42 ± 0.67); low level of flavonoids (1.01 ± 0.34 mg/100 g) and absence of cyanogenic glycosides, carboxylic acids and aldehydes/ketones. The extracts percentage inhibition of DPPH, hydroxyl radical (OH.), superoxide anion (O2 .-), iron chelating, nitric oxide radical (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), singlet oxygen (1O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and FRAP showed a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity with no significant difference with the controls. Though, IC50 of the extract showed significant difference only in singlet oxygen (1O2) and iron chelating activity when compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The extract is a potential source of antioxidants/free radical scavengers having important metabolites which maybe linked to its ethno-medicinal use.

Effects of resistance training on metabolic profi le of adults with type 2 diabetes.

Background & objectives: The number of diabetes in India is increasing at an alarming rate. The effects of physical activity in the form of resistance training or aerobic exercises on type 2 diabetes have not been studied in Indian population. The objective of this study was to analyse the effects of eight weeks of progressive resistance training (PRT) compared with aerobic exercise (AE) on glycaemic control, metabolic profi le, cardiovascular fi tness parameters and general well being in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Thirty adults (14 females and 16 males mean; age 53.8 ± 8.8 yr) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to 8 wk supervised PRT (n=10) or AE (n=10) or control group (n=10). Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profi le, blood pressure, heart rate, body mass index (BMI) and general well being were measured before training (i.e. 0 wk) and after 8 wk of training period. Results: Plasma glycosylated haemoglobin levels decreased signifi cantly : signififi (P<0.05) both in the PRT group (7.57 ± 2.4% to 6.23 ± 0.8%) and in AE group (8.11±0.9% to 6.66 ± 0.9%).Total cholesterol levels decreased signifififi cantly (P<0.05) by 13.3 per cent in PRT group and by 6.1 per cent in AE group. Both exercise groups showed signifififi cantly reduction in systolic blood pressure (P<0.05). General well being improvement was much more in PRT (8.6%) as compared to AE group (2.7%). Interpretation & conclusions: Our fi ndings showed that both PRT and AE were effective in improving metabolic profi le of adults with type 2 diabetes but the percentage improvement in triglycerides, total cholesterol levels and general well being with PRT was more compared to AE. Further studies on a larger sample need to be done to confirm these findings.